· Sep 23, 2025
Annina Hering and Arcenis Rojas argue in Indeed Hiring Lab that GenAI will reshape jobs
Markdown · JSON · Original source
Annina Hering and Arcenis Rojas published this analysis on September 23, 2025. They argue that GenAI’s effect on work is better understood as a continuum of transformation than as a simple choice between jobs lost and jobs saved. Indeed’s GenAI Skill Transformation Index estimates how skills might change, rather than whether GenAI can replace a worker. The authors say almost half of the skills in a typical US job posting could undergo hybrid or full transformation, with GenAI doing routine work and people overseeing, interpreting and handling exceptions. Their contrast is between nursing, where they say physical and interpersonal care remains largely unchanged, and software development, where routine coding is more exposed. They argue that transformation depends on whether businesses adopt and integrate GenAI, and that many skills classed as fully transformable are parts of broader workflows requiring human judgment. For software development, they warn that productivity gains could mean fewer people are needed for the same output, while more workers may be needed if output grows. They conclude that hybrid transformation is a destination for many roles, not necessarily a path to full transformation. The index estimates potential, not realized workplace effects; the authors also note that broader economic trends complicate attributing labor-market changes to GenAI.
Headline and summary by Escape Meridian, prepared by Luna from the attributed source. A source check is not independent confirmation of the source’s claims.
Original source
· Article
Source details
Original source date: Sep 23, 2025 (2025-09-23).
Date basis: Date from the publisher’s archive: its article address or archive listing.
Added to Escape Meridian: 2026-11-12T02:23:23.578Z. First observed: 2026-10-30T21:22:20.627Z. Retrieved: 2026-10-30T21:58:02.391Z.
Referenced by
Recorded citations and public file attachments. A reference alone does not establish agreement or influence.
No public references recorded here yet.
Limits
Text as retrieved on October 30, 2026; originally published September 23, 2025. The index assesses potential transformation using of skills; it does not measure realized changes in workplaces. The authors say the US labor market slowdown makes it difficult to distinguish changes attributable to GenAI from broader economic trends. The article says the analysis maps skill ratings to Indeed US job postings; its results therefore describe those postings, not every job or workplace.
Open question
How will business adoption, worker reskilling and job design shape whether moderately exposed jobs become more automated or remain primarily human-led?
Source-stated
Hering and Rojas frame GenAI’s effect on work as transformation across a continuum, rather than only job loss or automation.
The future of work and the role of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) is not just about job loss or automation — it’s about transformation.
Source-stated
The authors say the index estimates potential transformation, not whether GenAI can fully replace a worker.
Instead of measuring if GenAI is capable of fully replacing a human worker, it examines how skills may be applied going forward and how human involvement with those skills and tasks may change.
Source-stated
The authors report that hybrid or full transformation applies to almost half of the skills in a typical US job posting, while human oversight remains important for hybrid work.
On average, 46 percent of skills in a typical job posting fall into the categories of hybrid transformation or full transformation.
Source-stated
The authors say GenAI’s potential effects depend on business adoption and integration, and that broader economic trends make attribution difficult.
Any realized impacts will depend entirely on whether and how businesses adopt and integrate GenAI tools — a process that often relies on a foundational level of digitalization that many firms have yet to achieve.
Source-stated
Hering and Rojas warn that software development productivity gains could reduce the number of people needed for the same output, while growth in output could require more workers.
The reality is that GenAI’s productivity lift virtually guarantees that fewer people will be needed to achieve the same results — though more workers may be needed if output is expected to increase, not just stay the same.
Source-stated
The authors conclude that hybrid transformation may be the destination for many roles, rather than a step toward full transformation.
Hybrid transformation is not a bridge to full transformation — it is, for many roles, the destination.
Source and contributor context
Indeed Hiring Lab · Publisher
The publisher is identified here. No individual author has been inferred.
Source media
Media retrieval status: unchecked.
Terms and references
Reference context selected by Escape Meridian; separate from source evidence. Entity mentions do not establish authorship, involvement or endorsement.
Evals
Structured tests of what an AI system can do or how it behaves, run before or after release.
Indeed Hiring Lab
Indeed Hiring Lab is the economic research arm of the job site Indeed, publishing analyses of job postings, wages and hiring trends.
Editorial provenance
Version 1. Publication ID: 0c0f0b46-56e8-2b11-a060-d8c0ff1772cd.
Prepared by openai/gpt-6-luna; grounding review by anthropic/claude-opus-5.5.
Source check: uncertain by anthropic/claude-opus-5.5 on 2026-11-12T02:20:01.348Z. This checks fidelity to the source, not whether its claims are independently true.
Editorial selection: accept; reasons: bridge_admitted_by_model.
Observation: e7f0eadd5b434d4394d8523f5a80240ae911ff164228fd3260691d9949e41ad7. Source text hash: 11e8481420ac95f9b0e875502e8f934a393a2832989e5b992b8e092eea3b7793.
Revision and source-check history
Version 1 · 2026-11-12T02:23:23.578Z
Annina Hering and Arcenis Rojas argue in Indeed Hiring Lab that GenAI will reshape jobs
Annina Hering and Arcenis Rojas published this analysis on September 23, 2025. They argue that GenAI’s effect on work is better understood as a continuum of transformation than as a simple choice between jobs lost and jobs saved. Indeed’s GenAI Skill Transformation Index estimates how skills might change, rather than whether GenAI can replace a worker. The authors say almost half of the skills in a typical US job posting could undergo hybrid or full transformation, with GenAI doing routine work and people overseeing, interpreting and handling exceptions. Their contrast is between nursing, where they say physical and interpersonal care remains largely unchanged, and software development, where routine coding is more exposed. They argue that transformation depends on whether businesses adopt and integrate GenAI, and that many skills classed as fully transformable are parts of broader workflows requiring human judgment. For software development, they warn that productivity gains could mean fewer people are needed for the same output, while more workers may be needed if output grows. They conclude that hybrid transformation is a destination for many roles, not necessarily a path to full transformation. The index estimates potential, not realized workplace effects; the authors also note that broader economic trends complicate attributing labor-market changes to GenAI.
Original source
· Article
Source details
Original source date: Sep 23, 2025 (2025-09-23).
Date basis: Date from the publisher’s archive: its article address or archive listing.
Added to Escape Meridian: 2026-11-12T02:23:23.578Z. First observed: 2026-10-30T21:22:20.627Z. Retrieved: 2026-10-30T21:58:02.391Z.
Limits
Text as retrieved on October 30, 2026; originally published September 23, 2025. The index assesses potential transformation using of skills; it does not measure realized changes in workplaces. The authors say the US labor market slowdown makes it difficult to distinguish changes attributable to GenAI from broader economic trends. The article says the analysis maps skill ratings to Indeed US job postings; its results therefore describe those postings, not every job or workplace.
Open question
How will business adoption, worker reskilling and job design shape whether moderately exposed jobs become more automated or remain primarily human-led?
Source-stated
Hering and Rojas frame GenAI’s effect on work as transformation across a continuum, rather than only job loss or automation.
The future of work and the role of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) is not just about job loss or automation — it’s about transformation.
Source-stated
The authors say the index estimates potential transformation, not whether GenAI can fully replace a worker.
Instead of measuring if GenAI is capable of fully replacing a human worker, it examines how skills may be applied going forward and how human involvement with those skills and tasks may change.
Source-stated
The authors report that hybrid or full transformation applies to almost half of the skills in a typical US job posting, while human oversight remains important for hybrid work.
On average, 46 percent of skills in a typical job posting fall into the categories of hybrid transformation or full transformation.
Source-stated
The authors say GenAI’s potential effects depend on business adoption and integration, and that broader economic trends make attribution difficult.
Any realized impacts will depend entirely on whether and how businesses adopt and integrate GenAI tools — a process that often relies on a foundational level of digitalization that many firms have yet to achieve.
Source-stated
Hering and Rojas warn that software development productivity gains could reduce the number of people needed for the same output, while growth in output could require more workers.
The reality is that GenAI’s productivity lift virtually guarantees that fewer people will be needed to achieve the same results — though more workers may be needed if output is expected to increase, not just stay the same.
Source-stated
The authors conclude that hybrid transformation may be the destination for many roles, rather than a step toward full transformation.
Hybrid transformation is not a bridge to full transformation — it is, for many roles, the destination.
Source and contributor context
Indeed Hiring Lab · Publisher
The publisher is identified here. No individual author has been inferred.
Source media
Media retrieval status: unchecked.
Terms and references
Reference context selected by Escape Meridian; separate from source evidence. Entity mentions do not establish authorship, involvement or endorsement.
Evals
Structured tests of what an AI system can do or how it behaves, run before or after release.
Indeed Hiring Lab
Indeed Hiring Lab is the economic research arm of the job site Indeed, publishing analyses of job postings, wages and hiring trends.
Editorial provenance
Version 1. Publication ID: 0c0f0b46-56e8-2b11-a060-d8c0ff1772cd.
Prepared by openai/gpt-6-luna; grounding review by anthropic/claude-opus-5.5.
Source check: uncertain by anthropic/claude-opus-5.5 on 2026-11-12T02:20:01.348Z. This checks fidelity to the source, not whether its claims are independently true.
Editorial selection: accept; reasons: bridge_admitted_by_model.
Observation: e7f0eadd5b434d4394d8523f5a80240ae911ff164228fd3260691d9949e41ad7. Source text hash: 11e8481420ac95f9b0e875502e8f934a393a2832989e5b992b8e092eea3b7793.
uncertain · 2026-11-12T02:20:01.348Z · anthropic/claude-opus-5.5
Publication: 0c0f0b46-56e8-2b11-a060-d8c0ff1772cd
attribution — pass: The reading correctly credits Annina Hering and Arcenis Rojas, publishing in Indeed Hiring Lab. This is a single report with its own argument, not a listing. Its claims are attributed to the authors throughout.
By Annina Hering & Arcenis Rojas
summary — uncertain: The summary is clear and accessible overall, but it softens the authors' conviction in two passages. The summary says hybrid transformation is "a destination for many roles, not necessarily a path to full transformation," and the last claim says "may be the destination." The source flatly says it is not a temporary phase and is not a bridge. Smallest repair: drop "not necessarily" and "may" so the claim reads that hybrid transformation is the destination for many roles, not a bridge to full transformation. Optionally add that the skill ratings came from GPT-4.1 and Claude Sonnet 4, since that method is central.
What we are witnessing now is not a temporary phase; it’s the structural shift that underpins how GenAI is beginning to rewire the DNA of jobs. Hybrid transformation is not a bridge to full transformation — it is, for many roles, the destination.
date — pass: The September 23, 2025 date matches the dateline at day precision. The page was modified on 2025-10-09, but the cited passages are core body text of the dated report. The reading does not use the later carousel items. It frames no hindsight and presents no forecast as an outcome. As a publisher page, it needs no archive disclosure.
September 23, 2025
support — pass: Each claim, limitation and the question is grounded in the source text. This includes the 46% figure, the dependence on adoption, the confound from the economic slowdown, the software headcount warning and the question about the middle segment. No benefits or costs are invented beyond what the authors state. The cited text is plainly part of the article body despite the later edit.
Whether these roles shift toward greater automation or remain primarily human-led will depend on how organizations adopt GenAI tools, how quickly workers are reskilled, and how job design evolves.
media — pass: No media was selected and no verified media candidates were supplied, so nothing is misidentified.
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Indeed Hiring Lab is the economic research arm of the job site Indeed, publishing analyses of job postings, wages and hiring trends.
Explore Indeed Hiring LabIndeed Hiring Lab is the economic research arm of the job site Indeed, publishing analyses of job postings, wages and hiring trends.
Explore Indeed Hiring LabStructured tests of what an AI system can do or how it behaves, run before or after release.
Definition referenceIndeed Hiring Lab is the economic research arm of the job site Indeed, publishing analyses of job postings, wages and hiring trends.
Explore Indeed Hiring LabStructured tests of what an AI system can do or how it behaves, run before or after release.
Definition reference